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Optics (physics.optics)

Tue, 25 Apr 2023

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1.Learning imaging mechanism directly from optical microscopy observations

Authors:Ze-Hao Wang CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China, Long-Kun Shan CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China, Tong-Tian Weng CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China, Tian-Long Chen University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78705, USA, Qi-Yu Wang CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China, Xiang-Dong Chen CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China, Zhang-Yang Wang University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78705, USA, Guang-Can Guo CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China, Fang-Wen Sun CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China

Abstract: Optical microscopy image plays an important role in scientific research through the direct visualization of the nanoworld, where the imaging mechanism is described as the convolution of the point spread function (PSF) and emitters. Based on a priori knowledge of the PSF or equivalent PSF, it is possible to achieve more precise exploration of the nanoworld. However, it is an outstanding challenge to directly extract the PSF from microscopy images. Here, with the help of self-supervised learning, we propose a physics-informed masked autoencoder (PiMAE) that enables a learnable estimation of the PSF and emitters directly from the raw microscopy images. We demonstrate our method in synthetic data and real-world experiments with significant accuracy and noise robustness. PiMAE outperforms DeepSTORM and the Richardson-Lucy algorithm in synthetic data tasks with an average improvement of 19.6\% and 50.7\% (35 tasks), respectively, as measured by the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) metric. This is achieved without prior knowledge of the PSF, in contrast to the supervised approach used by DeepSTORM and the known PSF assumption in the Richardson-Lucy algorithm. Our method, PiMAE, provides a feasible scheme for achieving the hidden imaging mechanism in optical microscopy and has the potential to learn hidden mechanisms in many more systems.

2.Transport of topologically protected photonic waveguide on chip

Authors:Sai Yan, Jingnan Yang, Shushu Shi, Zhanchun Zuo, Can Wang, Xiulai Xu

Abstract: We propose a new design on integrated optical devices on-chip with an extra width degree of freedom by using a photonic crystal waveguide with Dirac points between two photonic crystals with opposite valley Chern numbers. With such an extra waveguide, we demonstrate numerically that the topologically protected photonic waveguide keeps properties of valley-locking and immunity to defects. Due to the design flexibility of the width-tunable topologically protected photonic waveguide, many unique on-chip integrated devices have been proposed, such as energy concentrators with a concentration efficiency improvement by more than one order of magnitude, topological photonic power splitter with arbitrary power splitting ratio. The topologically protected photonic waveguide with the width degree of freedom could be beneficial for scaling up photonic devices, which provides a new flexible platform to implement integrated photonic networks on chip.

3.Deep Learning Framework for the Design of Orbital Angular Momentum Generators Enabled by Leaky-wave Holograms

Authors:Naser Omrani, Fardin Ghorbani, Sina Beyraghi, Homayoon Oraizi, Hossein Soleimani

Abstract: In this paper, we present a novel approach for the design of leaky-wave holographic antennas that generates OAM-carrying electromagnetic waves by combining Flat Optics (FO) and machine learning (ML) techniques. To improve the performance of our system, we use a machine learning technique to discover a mathematical function that can effectively control the entire radiation pattern, i.e., decrease the side lobe level (SLL) while simultaneously increasing the central null depth of the radiation pattern. Precise tuning of the parameters of the impedance equation based on holographic theory is necessary to achieve optimal results in a variety of scenarios. In this research, we applied machine learning to determine the approximate values of the parameters. We can determine the optimal values for each parameter, resulting in the desired radiation pattern, using a total of 77,000 generated datasets. Furthermore, the use of ML not only saves time, but also yields more precise and accurate results than manual parameter tuning and conventional optimization methods.

4.A Binary Annular Phase Mask to Regulate Spherical Aberration and Allow Super-Localization in Single-Particle Tracking over Extended Depth-of-Focus

Authors:Quentin Gresil, Antony Lee, Olivier Leveque, Karen Caicedo, Blanca Martin Munoz, Caroline Kulcsar, Francois Goudail, Pierre Bon, Laurent Cognet

Abstract: Important applications of single-particle tracking (SPT) aim at deciphering the diffusion properties of single fluorescent nanoparticles immersed in heterogeneous environments, such as multi-cellular biological tissues. To maximize the particle localization precision in such complex environments, high numerical aperture objectives are often required, which intrinsically restrict depth-of-focus (DOF) to less than a micrometer and impedes recording long trajectories when particles escape the plane of focus. In this work, we show that a simple binary phase mask can work with the spherical aberration inevitably induced by thick sample inhomogeneities, to extend the DOF of a single-molecule fluorescence microscope over more than 4 {\mu}m. The effect of point-spread-function (PSF) engineering over spherical aberration regularizes inhomogeneities of the PSF along the optical axis by restricting it to a narrow distribution. This allows the use of a single fitting function (i.e. Gaussian function) to localize single emitters over the whole extended DOF. Application of this simple approach on diffusing nanoparticles demonstrate that SPT trajectories can be recorded on significantly longer times.

5.Chiral photonic topological states in Penrose quasicrystals

Authors:Yingfang Zhang, Zhihao Lan, Liyazhou Hu, Yiqing Shu, Xun Yuan, Penglai Guo, Xiaoling Peng, Weicheng Chen, Jianqing Li

Abstract: Electromagnetic topological edge states typically are created in photonic systems with crystalline symmetry and these states emerge because of the topological feature of bulk Bloch bands in momentum space according to the bulk-edge correspondence principle. In this work, we demonstrate the existence of chiral topological electromagnetic edge states in Penrose-tiled photonic quasicrystals made of magneto-optical materials, without relying on the concept of bulk Bloch bands in momentum space. Despite the absence of bulk Bloch bands, which naturally defiles the conventional definition of topological invariants in momentum space characterizing these states, such as the Chern number, we show that some bandgaps in these photonic quasicrystals still could host unidirectional topological electromagnetic edge states immune to backscattering in both cylinders-in-air and holes-in-slab configurations. Employing a real-space topological invariant based on the Bott index, our calculations reveal that the bandgaps hosting these chiral topological edge states possess a nontrivial Bott index of $\pm 1$, depending on the direction of the external magnetic field. Our work opens the door to the study of topological states in photonic quasicrystals.

6.Photon-efficient optical tweezers via wavefront shaping

Authors:Unė G. Būtaitė, Christina Sharp, Michael Horodynski, Graham M. Gibson, Miles J. Padgett, Stefan Rotter, Jonathan M. Taylor, David B. Phillips

Abstract: Optical tweezers enable non-contact trapping of micro-scale objects using light. Despite their widespread use, it is currently not known how tightly it is possible to three-dimensionally trap micro-particles with a given photon budget. Reaching this elusive limit would enable maximally-stiff particle trapping for precision measurements on the nanoscale, and photon-efficient tweezing of light-sensitive objects. Here we solve this problem by customising a trapping light field to suit a specific particle, with the aim of simultaneously optimising trap stiffness in all three dimensions. Initially taking a theoretical approach, we develop an efficient multi-parameter optimisation routine to design bespoke optical traps for a wide range of micro-particles. We show that the confinement volume of micro-spheres held in these sculpted traps can be reduced by one-to-two orders-of-magnitude in comparison to a conventional optical tweezer of the same power. We go on to conduct proof-of-principle experiments, and use a wavefront shaping inspired strategy to suppress the Brownian fluctuations of optically trapped micro-spheres in every direction concurrently, thus demonstrating order-of-magnitude reductions in their confinement volumes. Our work paves the way towards the fundamental limits of optical control over the mesoscopic realm.

7.On-chip synchronous pumped $χ^{(3)}$ optical parametric oscillator on thin-film lithium niobate

Authors:Rebecca Cheng, Mengjie Yu, Amirhassan Shams-Ansari, Yaowen Hu, Christian Reimer, Mian Zhang, Marko Lončar

Abstract: Optical parametric oscillation (OPO) has widely been utilized as a means of generating light with wide spectral coverage from a single pump laser. These oscillators can be driven using either continuous-wave (CW) light, which only requires lining up of the pump frequency with OPO resonance, or pulsed light, which also mandates that the repetition rate of the pulse and free spectral range of the OPO cavity are carefully tuned to match each other. Advancements in nanophotonics have ignited interest in chip-scale OPOs, which enable low-footprint and high-efficiency solutions to broadband light generation. CW-pumped integrated OPO has been demonstrated using both $\chi^{(2)}$ and $\chi^{(3)}$ parametric oscillation. However, realizing pulse-driven on-chip OPO remains challenging, as microresonator cavities have limited tuning range in the FSR and resonance frequency compared to traditional bulk cavities. Here, we overcome this limitation and demonstrate a $\chi^{(3)}$ pulse-driven OPO by using a tunable on-chip femtosecond pulse generator to synchronously pump the oscillator. The output frequency comb generated by our OPO has 30-GHz repetition rate, spans 2/5 of an octave and consists of over 1400 comb lines with a pump-to-comb conversion efficiency of 10%.

8.Soliton Microcomb Generation in a III-V Photonic Crystal Cavity

Authors:Alberto Nardi, Alisa Davydova, Nikolai Kuznetsov, Miles H. Anderson, Charles Möhl, Johann Riemensberger, Tobias J. Kippenberg, Paul Seidler

Abstract: Photonic crystals, material structures in which the dielectric function varies periodically in one, two, or three dimensions, can provide exquisite control over the propagation and confinement of light. By tailoring their band structure, exceptional optical effects can be achieved, such as slow light propagation or, through the creation of photonic bandgaps, optical cavities with both a high quality factor and a small mode volume. Photonic crystal cavities have been used to realize compact nano-lasers and achieve strong coupling to quantum emitters, such as semiconductor quantum dots, color centers, or cold atoms. A useful attribute of photonic crystals is the ability to create chirped mirrors. Chirping has underpinned advances in ultra-fast lasers based on bulk mirrors, but has yet to be fully exploited in integrated photonics, where it could provide a means to engineer otherwise unattainable dispersion profiles for a range of nonlinear optical applications, including soliton frequency comb generation. The vast majority of integrated resonators for frequency combs make use of microring geometries, where only waveguide width and height are varied to engineer dispersion. Generation of frequency combs has been demonstrated with one-dimensional photonic crystal cavities made of silicon nitride, but the low index contrast prevents formation of broad soliton combs. We overcome these challenges by using a photonic-crystal Fabry-P\'erot resonator made of gallium phosphide, a material with a high refractive index and a Kerr nonlinearity 200 times larger than that of silicon nitride. We employ chirped photonic crystal mirrors to provide anomalous dispersion. With subharmonic pulsed pumping at an average power of 23.6 mW, we are able to access stable dissipative Kerr frequency combs. We demonstrate soliton formation with a 3-dB bandwidth of 3.0 THz, corresponding to a pulse duration of 60 fs.