High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)

Abstract: HD 49798 is a hot subdwarf of O spectral type in a 1.55 day orbit with the X-ray source RX J0648.0-4418, a compact object with spin period of 13.2 s. We use recent data from the NICER instrument, joined with archival data from XMM-Newton and ROSAT, to obtain a phase-connected timing solution spanning ~30 years. Contrary to previous works, that relied on parameters determined through optical observations, the new timing solution could be derived using only X-ray data. We confirm that the compact object is steadily spinning up with Pdot = -2.28(2)x10^-15 s/s and obtain a refined measure of the projected semi-major axis of the compact object aX sini = 9.60(5) lightsec. This allows us to determine the inclination and masses of the system as i = 84.5(7) deg, MX = 1.220(8) Msun and Mopt = 1.41(2) Msun. We also study possible long term (~year) and orbital variations of the soft X-ray pulsed flux, without finding evidence for variability. In the light of the new findings, we discuss the nature of the compact object, concluding that the possibility of a neutron star in the subsonic propeller regime is unlikely, while accretion of the subdwarf wind onto a massive white dwarf can explain the observed luminosity and spin-up rate for a wind velocity of ~800 km/s.

Abstract: We present timing and spectral analysis results of the {\it NICER} and {\it NuSTAR} observations of the dwarf nova MASTER OT J030227.28$+$191754.5 during the 2021--2022 outburst. The soft X-ray component was found to be dominated by blackbody radiation with a temperature of $\sim$30 eV and also showed prominent oxygen and neon emission lines. The blackbody luminosity exceeded 10$^{34}$ ergs s$^{-1}$, which is consistent with theoretical predictions, and then decreased more than an order of magnitude in 3.5 days. The inferred abundances of oxygen and neon in the optically-thin coronal region surrounding the central white dwarf (WD) are several times higher than the respective solar values. Although inconclusive, the abundance enrichment may originate from the WD, indicating that it may be mainly composed of oxygen and neon. Assuming that the blackbody radiation comes from the belt-shaped boundary layer between the WD and the accretion disk, we estimated the WD radius to be $(2.9\pm1.1)\times10^{8}$ cm, which corresponds to the WD mass range of 1.15--1.34 $M_{\odot}$. If the accretion continues for another $\sim$Gyr, the WD may experience an accretion-induced collapse into a neutron star and form a so-called black-widow pulsar system.

Abstract: Recent observations provide compelling evidence that the bulk of the high energy cosmic rays (CRs) and gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are co-produced by highly relativistic jets of plasmoids of stellar matter. These jets are launched by fall back matter on newly born neutron stars and stellar black holes in core collapse of stripped envelope massive stars with or without an associated supernova. The electrons in the plasmoids produce GRB pulses mainly by inverse Compton scattering of photons on their path, while magnetic reflection of the charged particles produces the high energy cosmic rays.

Abstract: Blazar optical-UV emission is synchrotron with the observed spectral shape directly related to the underlying particle distribution. Here, we report the finding of an extended optical-UV spectrum with a power-law photon spectral index of $\rm 2.71\pm0.03$, continuing to the X-ray band during the lowest recorded X-ray flux state of the BL Lacetrae object OJ 287 by the Swift facility. Accounting for the synchrotron contribution at X-rays, we found an X-ray spectrum with a power-law photon spectral index of $\rm 1.22 \pm 0.22$, the hardest reported X-ray spectrum for the source. The inferred X-ray spectrum is consistent with the spectrum reported at hard energies from the study of the Swift-BAT data. We further found that this X-ray spectrum naturally reproduces most of the flat X-ray spectra when combined with the corresponding optical-UV continuum during the low and intermediate flux states implying synchrotron as the primary driver of most of the X-ray spectral changes in the LBL state of the source. Combined with sharp-steepening/cutoff of the optical-UV spectrum during bright phases, the extended-spectrum indicates a much larger emission region which may be related to the large-scale jet emission. The optical-UV and X-ray together trace the complete particle distribution required for the observed broadband emission with low and high-energy power-law particle spectral indices of $\rm 1.44 \pm 0.40$ and $\rm 4.42 \pm 0.06$ respectively.

Abstract: We present the results from a search for gravitational-wave transients associated with core-collapse supernovae observed optically within 30 Mpc during the third observing run of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo. No gravitational wave associated with a core-collapse supernova has been identified. We then report the detection efficiency for a variety of possible gravitational-wave emissions. For neutrino-driven explosions, the distance at which we reach 50% detection efficiency is up to 8.9 kpc, while more energetic magnetorotationally-driven explosions are detectable at larger distances. The distance reaches for selected models of the black hole formation, and quantum chromodynamics phase transition are also provided. We then constrain the core-collapse supernova engine across a wide frequency range from 50 Hz to 2 kHz. The upper limits on gravitational-wave energy and luminosity emission are at low frequencies down to $10^{-4}\,M_\odot c^2$ and $5 \times 10^{-4}\,M_\odot c^2$/s, respectively. The upper limits on the proto-neutron star ellipticity are down to 5 at high frequencies. Finally, by combining the results obtained with the data from the first and second observing runs of LIGO and Virgo, we improve the constraints of the parameter spaces of the extreme emission models. Specifically, the proto-neutron star ellipticities for the long-lasting bar mode model are down to 1 for long emission (1 s) at high frequency.

Abstract: We present multi-wavelength characterization of 65 high mass X-ray binary (HMXB) candidates in M33. We use the Chandra ACIS survey of M33 (ChASeM33) catalog to select hard X-ray point sources that are spatially coincident with UV-bright point source optical counterparts in the Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury: Triangulum Extended Region (PHATTER) catalog, which covers the inner disk of M33 at near infrared, optical, and near ultraviolet wavelengths. We perform spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting on multi-band photometry for each point source optical counterpart to measure its physical properties including mass, temperature, luminosity, and radius. We find that the majority of the HMXB companion star candidates are likely B-type main sequence stars, suggesting that the HMXB population of M33 is dominated by Be-XRBs, as is seen in other Local Group galaxies. We use spatially-resolved recent star formation history (SFH) maps of M33 to measure the age distribution of the HMXB candidate sample and the HMXB production rate for M33. We find a bimodal distribution for the HMXB production rate over the last 80 Myr, with a peak at $\sim$10 Myr and $\sim$40 Myr, which match theoretical formation timescales for the most massive HMXBs and Be X-ray binaries (Be-XRBs), respectively. We measure an HMXB production rate of 107$-$136 HMXBs/(M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$) over the last 50 Myr and 150$-$199 HMXBs/(M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$) over the last 80 Myr. For sources with compact object classifications from overlapping NuSTAR observations, we find a preference for giant/supergiant companion stars in BH-HMXBs and main sequence companion stars in neutron star HMXBs (NS-HMXBs).

Abstract: Rapidly rotating magnetars have been associated with gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and super-luminous supernovae (SLSNe). Using a suite of 2D magnetohydrodynamic simulations at fixed neutrino luminosity and a couple of evolutionary models with evolving neutrino luminosity and magnetar spin period, we show that magnetars are viable central engines for powering GRBs and SLSNe. We also present analytic estimates of the energy outflow rate from the proto-neutron star (PNS) as a function polar magnetic field strength $B_0$, PNS angular velocity $\Omega_{\star}$, PNS radius $R_{\star}$ and mass outflow rate $\dot{M}$. We show that rapidly rotating magnetars with spin periods $P_{\star}\lesssim 4$ ms and polar magnetic field strength $B_0\gtrsim 10^{15}$ G can release $10^{50}-5\times 10^{51}$ ergs of energy during the first $\sim2$ s of the cooling phase. This magnitude of energy release is sufficient to power long duration GRBs. We also show that magnetars with moderate field strengths of $B_0\lesssim 5\times 10^{14}$ G do not release a large fraction of their rotational kinetic energy during the cooling phase and hence, are not likely to power GRBs. Although we cannot simulate to times greater than $\sim 3-5$ s after a supernova, we can hypothesize that moderate field strength magnetars can brighten the supernova light curves by releasing their rotational kinetic energy via magnetic dipole radiation on timescales of days to weeks, since these do not expend most of their rotational kinetic energy during the early cooling phase.

Abstract: The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a Cherenkov detector located at the South Pole. Its main component consists of an in-ice array of optical modules instrumenting one cubic kilometer of deep Glacial ice. The DeepCore sub-detector is a denser in-fill array with a lower energy threshold, allowing us to study atmospheric neutrinos oscillations with energy below 100 GeV arriving through the Earth. We present preliminary results of an atmospheric muon neutrino disappearance analysis using data from 2012 to 2021 and employing convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for precise and fast event reconstructions.