Sinclair, F. H.; Tang, C.-T.; Bailey, R. A.; Csoka, G. L.; Melika, G.; Nicholls, J. A.; Nieves-Aldrey, J.-L.; Reiss, A.; Zhang, Y. M.; Phillimore, A.; Schonrogge, K.; Stone, G. N.

Revealing processes that structure species interactions is central to understanding community assembly and dynamics. Species interact via their phenotypes, but identifying and quantifying the traits that structure species-specific interactions (links) can be challenging. Where these traits show phylogenetic signal, however, link properties may be predictable using models that incorporate phylogenies in place of trait data. We analysed variation in link richness, frequency, and species identity in a multi-site dataset of interactions between oak cynipid galls and parasitoid natural enemies, using a Bayesian mixed modelling framework allowing concurrent fitting of phylogenetic effects of both trophic levels. In both link incidence (presence/absence) and link frequency datasets, we identified strong signatures of cophylogeny (related parasitoids attack related host galls) alongside patterns independent of either phylogeny. Our results are robust to simulations of substantially reduced sample completeness, and are consistent with the structuring of trophic interactions by a combination of phylogenetically conserved and convergently evolving traits in both trophic levels. We discuss our results in light of phenotypic traits thought to structure gall-parasitoid interactions and consider wider applications of this approach, including inference of underlying community assembly processes and prediction of economically important trophic interactions.