Rossitto, L.-A. M.; Lu, T.; Ma, Y.; Kaila Sharma, P.; Burghi, V.; Gonzalez, C. C.; Bruystens, J.; Maurya, S.; Wu, J.; Lona, A.; Kufareva, I.; Gutkind, J. S.; Gonzalez, D. J.; Chen, X.; Taylor, S. S.

cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase A (PKA) is a master regulator of cell signaling involved in energy metabolism, synaptic plasticity, and stress response. Dysregulated PKA signaling is implicated in diseases including neurodegeneration and cancer. The catalytic activity of PKA is regulated by two nonredundant regulatory subunits, Type I (RI/RI{beta}) and Type II (RII/RII{beta}), whose divergent functions are not fully understood. We generated double-knockout (KO) cell lines of RI/RI{beta} and RII/RII{beta} subunits and performed multiplexed MS-based proteomic and phosphoproteomic profiling under basal and glucose-perturbed conditions. We found that RI and RII loss drives distinct, and often opposite, remodeling of the cellular proteome and phosphoproteome. While both mutants blunted metabolic flexibility to glycolytic stressors and stimuli, RI and RII KO cells exhibited elevated and depressed glycolytic signaling, respectively. Interestingly, RI KO increased the abundance kinase activity of the PKA catalytic subunit C isoform, leading to an increase in PKA substrate phosphorylation, whereas RII KO decreased the abundance, kinase activity, and substrate phosphorylation by the catalytic subunit C{beta} isoform. Notably, one of the most differentially affected PKA sites between RI and RII KOs maps to the microtubule-associated protein Tau (MAPT), whose hyperphosphorylation is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Loss of RI increased Tau phosphorylation, which was not only caused by increased PKA catalytic activity, but also a higher binding affinity of Tau to RII subunits on the negatively-charged flexible linker region. Overall, the present study demonstrates that PKA RI and RII subunits play nonredundant roles in modulating PKA activity, metabolic flexibility, and phospho-regulation of key disease-associated substrates such as Tau.