Bellot, S.; Condamine, F. L.; Matsunaga, K. K.; Morley, R. J.; Cano, A.; Couvreur, T. L.; Cowan, R.; Eiserhardt, W. L.; Kuhnhäuser, B. G.; Maurin, O.; Siros, M.; Forest, F.; Leitch, I. J.; Baker, W. J.

Tropical rainforests are home to almost half of all known plant diversity, yet a shortfall in tropical plant phylogenetic hypotheses is hindering our understanding of how rainforests have formed and adapted to past global changes. Phylogenetic and historical biogeographic evidence from key rainforest lineages, including palms (Arecaceae), are required to illuminate the history of these ecosystems. However, our current understanding of the palm tree of life is based on uneven sampling of data from the plastid and nuclear genome, and numerous palm genera and palm fossils have been described or revised over the past decade, casting doubt on many palm relationships, ages and ancestral ranges inferred in previous studies. Here, we infer the phylogenetic relationships of all palm genera based on data from 1,033 nuclear genes generated using target sequence capture. Our palm tree of life is highly resolved and supported. Remaining areas of ambiguity reflect the complex dynamics of palm evolution, including many rapid diversification events in subfamily Arecoideae and putative cases of ancient reticulation throughout the family. We review the phylogenetic placement and age of hundreds of palm fossils and use a vetted selection to estimate divergence times and ancestral ranges for all palm genera. We show that the family is older than previously thought, likely first diversifying in the Early Cretaceous in Laurasia, and that three quarters of the genera had originated by the Oligocene. The early spread of palms across the world involved at least 40 long-distance dispersals across oceanic gaps. Dispersals away from northern latitudes vastly outnumber dispersals into these latitudes, consistent with the ancient affinity of palms for megathermal climates, and suggesting that global cooling during the Oligocene was a major constraint on early palm distribution. Our dated phylogenomic tree and curated fossil dataset provide a new foundation for evolutionary studies on palms, opening the door to deeper research on the rainforest biome in which they thrive.