Brannoch, S. K.; Katzke, J.; Taylor, D. S.; Economo, E. P.; Ogawa, Y.; Narendra, A.; Svenson, G. J.; Martin, J. P.

Animals\' sensory systems enable them to navigate and interact with their environments. Adaptive specializations of these systems can generate novel structures or organs that support highly unique niche adaptations. We report the discovery of a novel sensory organ in a group of praying mantises (Insecta, Mantodea, Nanomantoidea), which have an unusual leaf-planking ecomorphic life strategy, laying against the undersides of broadleaf vegetation. Histology, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray computed tomography all support the novelty of this distinct morphology while electrophysiology reveals that the sensory organ, herein designated the gustifolium organ, detects plant volatiles. The location of the gustifolium organon the ventral thoracic surface of these mantises appears to facilitate the chemical detection of the leaves on which it resides. The gustifolium is a novel plant volatile-detecting sensory structure in an obligate predatory insect, directly linked to a newly-identified, highly-adapted life strategy.