Ciatti, J. L.; Vazquez-Guardado, A.; Brings, V. E.; Park, J.; Ruyle, B.; Ober, R. A.; McLuckie, A. J.; Talcott, M. R.; Carter, E. A.; Burrell, A. R.; Sponenburg, R. A.; Trueb, J.; Gupta, P.; Kim, J.; Avila, R.; Seong, M.; Slivicki, R. A.; Kaplan, M. A.; Villalpando, B.; Massaly, N.; Montana, M. C.; Pet, M.; Huang, Y.; Moron, J. A.; Gereau, R. W.; Rogers, J. A.

Opioid overdose accounts for nearly 75,000 deaths per year in the United States, representing a leading cause of mortality amongst the prime working age population (25-54 years). At overdose levels, opioid-induced respiratory depression becomes fatal without timely administration of the rescue drug naloxone. Currently, overdose survival relies entirely on bystander intervention, requiring a nearby person to discover and identify the overdosed individual, and have immediate access to naloxone to administer. Government efforts have focused on providing naloxone in abundance but do not address the equally critical component for overdose rescue: a willing and informed bystander. To address this unmet need, we developed the Naloximeter: a class of life-saving implantable devices that autonomously detect and treat overdose, with the ability to simultaneously contact first-responders. We present three Naloximeter platforms, for both fundamental research and clinical translation, all equipped with optical sensors, drug delivery mechanisms, and a supporting ecosystem of technology to counteract opioid-induced respiratory depression. In small and large animal studies, the Naloximeter rescues from otherwise fatal opioid overdose within minutes. This work introduces life-changing, clinically translatable technologies that broadly benefit a susceptible population recovering from opioid use disorder.