Widrig, K.; Field, D. J.

The deepest phylogenetic divergence within crown birds (Neornithes) is that between the reciprocally monophyletic Palaeognathae and Neognathae. Extant palaeognath diversity comprises the iconic flightless ratites (ostriches, rhea, kiwi, cassowaries, and emu), as well as 46 species of volant tinamous in Central and South America (Billerman et al., 2020). Although the earliest stages of palaeognath evolution remain shrouded in mystery due to a sparse fossil record, a group of apparently volant extinct palaeognaths from the Paleogene of Europe and North America, the lithornithids, can help to clarify palaeognath origins. Here, we use high resolution microCT scanning to characterize the morphology of two lithornithid specimens from the early Eocene (Ypresian) London Clay Formation: the neotype of Lithornis vulturinus (NHMUK A5204), from the Isle of Sheppey, Kent, England, and a newly discovered clay nodule containing lithornithid postcranial remains from the nearby locality of Seasalter. This three-dimensional dataset reveals bones from the L. vulturinus neotype that are partially or completely covered by matrix, allowing us to redescribe this critical specimen in new detail and present a revised differential diagnosis of L. vulturinus. We refer the new specimen from Seasalter to L. vulturinus on the basis of apomorphies such as a proximally directed lateral process of the coracoid, caudally divergent lateral margins of the sternum, an arcuate deltopectoral crest, as well as its provenance from a nearby penecontemporaneous locality. The Seasalter specimen contains abundant postcranial material that provides new insight into bones damaged or missing in the neotype, including two undamaged scapulae bearing the hooked acromion that is a diagnostic feature of lithornithids, two complete coracoids, and a nearly complete three-dimensionally preserved sternum. Its estimated body mass is one third larger than that of the neotype, indicating intraspecific variation within L. vulturinus that may reflect sexual dimorphism. Molecular divergence dates and Cretaceous neognath fossils indicate the presence of total-clade palaeognaths before the K-Pg mass extinction event; detailed anatomical descriptions of Paleogene palaeognaths will assist in the identification of the first total-clade palaeognaths from the Cretaceous, and provide insight into how and when flight was independently lost among Cenozoic crown palaeognaths.