Gorline, L.; Rosa do Carmo, F.; Bourdely, P.; Borneres, J.; Vaudiau, N.; Semervil, A.; Vetillard, M.; Ok, A.; Fiquet, O.; Andrade, M.; Theobald, H.; Collin, M.; Calmette, J.; Anselmi, G.; Fico, F.; Ginhoux, F.; Saveanu, L.; Helft, J.; Dalod, M.; Dusseaux, M.; Di Santo, J. P.; Hugues, S.; Guermonprez, P.

Tumor infiltration by dendritic cells (DCs) has been identified as a biomarker associated with favorable outcomes and improved responses to immunotherapies by T cell immune checkpoint blockade. However, tumor induced immunosuppressive pathways contrive efficient DC infiltration. This calls for the development of DC-targeted interventions purposed to stimulate DC infiltration and local expansion. Here we deliver a proof-of-concept for a cell-based immunotherapeutic approach promoting circulating DC progenitors infiltration in the tumor together with their local expansion. We report that engraftment of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells engineered to express the membrane bound form of FLT3L (eMSC-FLT3L) uniquely induce DC infiltration, T cells activation and anti-tumor immunity, when combined with an adjuvant like the poly(I:C) double stranded RNA mimic. Mechanistic experiments demonstrate that poly(I:C)-induced CXCR3 and CCR5 ligands (CXCL9, CCL5) are required for intra-tumoral DC and T cell recruitment and for the therapeutic effect of eMSC-FLT3L + poly(I:C) immunotherapy. Stromal cell-based delivery of CXCL9 and CCL5, together with FLT3L, by-passes the requirement for poly(I:C) agonist and is sufficient to induce T cell and DC recruitment within tumors. These findings are transferrable to human settings as we show that eMSCs-FLT3L-CXCL9-CCL5 stimulate tissue infiltration by human XCR1+ DC1s in mice harboring a Human Immune System (HIS mice). Lastly, we report that engraftment of eMSC-FLT3L-CXCL9-CCL5 in the tumor induces anti-tumor immunity and partially overcomes resistance to immune checkpoint blockade. Altogether, these data support the therapeutic potential of expanding intra-tumoral DC1s using a continuous and local source of FLT3L, CXCL9 and CCL5.